With 2024 winding down and a change of presidential administration imminent, it is worthwhile to consider the state of EPA’s efforts to regulate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this connection, EPA recently released its third annual Progress Report on the Agency’s 2021 PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This most recent report, which comes in the waning months of the Biden administration, highlights key EPA accomplishments in addressing PFAS over the past year and identifies areas for continued action in the months and years to come. However, it remains to be seen whether the second Trump administration will follow through on these action items.
PFAS in Fire Protection Products Continues to Generate Litigation, Liability
Litigation risks associated with per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow, as demonstrated by settlements over the last year in the set of claims being adjudicated in a multidistrict litigation (MDL-2873) in the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina (“MDL”) and other recent lawsuits.
New Lawsuit Highlights PFAS Exposure for Fertilizer Manufacturers
A lawsuit filed earlier this year highlights potential PFAS liability exposure for fertilizer manufacturers, especially those that produce biosolid-based products. Five Texas farmers have sued Synagro Technologies, alleging that high levels of PFAS in the company’s biosolid-based fertilizers contaminated their water, soil and livestock. The lawsuit alleges that Synagro knew about the presence of PFAS in its fertilizers and failed to warn product users about the adverse health effects associated with exposure to PFAS.
EPA Issues Proposed Rule Adding New PFAS to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
On October 1, 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed to add 16 individual per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as well as 15 PFAS categories, representing over 100 PFAS to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). This proposal would be a significant expansion to the database. EPA is also proposing to set a reporting threshold of 100 pounds for manufacture, processing and other uses, consistent with previously set PFAS TRI reporting requirements. As proposed, all the PFAS in one category would count toward the 100-pound threshold of a given category. Last, the proposal aims to clarify how PFAS are automatically added to the TRI under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (NDAA) by clarifying how EPA finalizes toxicity values.
EPA Gathering Information for Another Possible TSCA Section 6 Rulemaking
On September 30, 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice seeking comment on the manufacture of certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during the fluorination of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which is used to produce plastic containers used for various household consumer, commercial and industrial products. The notice marks the latest step in EPA’s attempt to regulate plastic fluorination and potential concurrent PFAS contamination under Section 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
EPA Issues Eight-Month Delay of the Reporting Period for the PFAS Reporting Rule under TSCA Section 8(a)(7)
On September 5, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cut industry a significant break by postponing the reporting period for the one-time reporting rule for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under Section 8(a)(7) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) by eight months. Originally, the TSCA Rule established a reporting period that would begin on November 12, 2024, and, for most companies,1 end on May 8, 2025. These deadlines have now been pushed out to July 11, 2025, and January 11, 2026, respectively.
The End of Chevron Deference Could Spell Trouble for EPA’s PFAS “Hazardous Substance” Rule
A recent Supreme Court ruling could further jeopardize EPA’s PFAS hazardous substance designation, as the agency is attempting to advance a novel use of delegated legislative authority to further regulate PFAS chemicals.
On June 28, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. ____ (2024), overturning the longstanding doctrine known as “Chevron deference.” Loper Bright substantially expands the ability of federal courts to review and reject federal agencies’ interpretation of statutes.
Not two months before the Court issued its decision in Loper Bright, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its long-awaited rule designating two PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), as “hazardous substances” under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) on May 8, 2024. The Final Rule has significant immediate impacts, which Pillsbury has described in greater depth here, but is also novel in a legal sense: The Final Rule marks the first time that the agency has designated a hazardous substance using its authority under Section 102(a) of CERCLA.
Maine Modifies Its Sweeping PFAS Law
On April 16, 2024, Maine enacted amendments revising the state perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) law. This law generally prohibits the sale of products containing intentionally added PFAS and includes notification requirements for products with intentionally added PFAS that would continue to be sold. The recent amendments modified the effective dates of certain sales bans, revised the reporting requirements for PFAS product manufacturers, delayed the general ban on the sale of PFAS products from 2030 to 2032, and listed the categories of products exempt from the PFAS ban entirely. While this law remains one of the strictest PFAS laws nationally, the new amendments ease some of the burdens on manufacturers presented in the original bill.
EPA Finalizes Rule Designating PFAS Substances as “Hazardous Substances” Under CERCLA
On April 19, 2024, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its long-awaited rule designating two PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), as “hazardous substances” under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund). The final rule will take effect 60 days after EPA publishes it in the Federal Register.
PFAS Hazardous Substance Designation Clears White House Review, Nearing Finalization
The Biden Administration is continuing its efforts to regulate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). On April 15, 2024, the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) completed its review of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposal designating two PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), as “hazardous substances” under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).